Performing and Media Arts

Saturday, 06 August 2011 02:21

Alcohols: Health Hazards

Chemical name CAS-Number	ICSC Short-Term Exposure	ICSC Long-Term Exposure	Routes of Exposure and Symptoms	US NIOSH Target Organs & Routes of Entry	US NIOSH Symptoms
ALLYL ALCOHOL 107-18-6	eyes; skin; resp tract; muscles; liver; kidneys		Inhalation: headache, nausea, vomiting Skin: may be absorbed, aching, pain, blisters Eyes: redness, pain, blurred vision, temporary loss of vision, severe deep burns, sensitivity to light Ingestion: abdominal pain, unconsciousness	Eyes; skin; resp sysInh, abs, ing, con	Eye irrit, tissue damage; irrit upper resp sys, skin; pulm edema
BENZYL ALCOHOL 100-51-6	eyes; skin; resp tract; CNS	skin	Inhalation: cough, sore throat Skin: redness Eyes: redness Ingestion: abdominal pain, diarrhoea, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting
BUTYL ALCOHOL 71-36-3				Skin; eyes; resp sys; CNSInh, abs, ing, con	Irrit eyes, nose, throat; head, verti, drow; corn inflamm, blurred vision, lac, photo; derm; possible auditory nerve damage, hearing loss; CNS depres
sec-BUTYL ALCOHOL 78-92-2				Eyes; skin, resp sys; CNSInh, ing, con	Irrit eyes, skin, throat, nose; narco
tert-BUTYL ALCOHOL 75-65-0				Eyes; skin, resp sys, CNSInh, ing, con	Irrit eyes, skin, nose, throat; head; skin flush, burns
2-CHLOROETHANOL 107-07-3	eyes; respiratory tract; CNS; cardiovascular system; kidneys; liver; may result in death		Inhalation: Mucous membranes, nausea Skin: Vomiting, vertigo, incoordination Ingestion: Numbness, visual distortion, headache	Resp sys; liver; kidneys; CNS; skin; CVS; eyesInh, abs, ing, con	Irrit muc memb; nau, vomit; verti, inco; numb; vis dist; head; thirst; delirium; low BP; collapse, shock, coma; liver, kidney damage
CYCLOHEXANOL 108-93-0	eyes; skin; resp tract; CNS	skin		Eyes; resp sys; skinInh, abs, ing, con	Irrit eyes, skin, nose, throat; skin; narco
ETHANOL 64-17-5	eyes; skin; resp tract; CNS	skin; CNS; liver; blood	Inhalation: cough, drowsiness, headache, fatigue Skin: dry skin Eyes: redness, irritant pain, irritant burning Ingestion: burning sensation, confusion, dizziness, headache, unconsciousness	Eyes; skin; resp sys; CNS; liver; blood; repro sysInh, ing, con	Irrit eyes, skin, nose; head, drow, ftg, narco; cough; liver damage; anemia; repro, terato effects
2-ETHYL-1-HEXANOL 104-76-7	eyes; skin		Inhalation: dizziness, headache, nausea, weakness Skin: may be absorbed, redness Eyes: redness, pain
HEPTANOL 111-70-6	eyes; skin; resp tract	liver; kidneys; birth defects
HEXANOL 626-93-7	eyes; skin; resp tract; CNS	skin; CNS	Inhalation: cough, headache, sore throat Skin: may be absorbed, redness Eyes: redness, pain Ingestion: abdominal pain, dizziness, drowsiness, headache, nausea
ISOAMYL ALCOHOL 123-51-3	eyes; resp tract; CNS	skin	Inhalation: cough, dizziness, drowsiness, headache, nausea, sore throat Skin: dry skin Eyes: redness, pain Ingestion: abdominal pain, unconsciousness	Eyes; skin; resp sys; CNSInh, ing, con	Irrit eyes, skin, nose, throat; head, dizz; cough, dysp, nau, vomit, diarr; skin cracking; in animals: narco
sec-ISOAMYL ALCOHOL 528-75-4				Eyes; skin; resp sys; CNSInh, ing, con	Irrit eyes, skin, nose, throat; head, dizz; cough, dysp, nau, vomit, diarr; skin cracking; in animals: narco
ISOBUTYL ALCOHOL 78-83-1	eyes; resp tract; CNS	skin		Eyes; skin; resp sys; CNSInh, ing, con	Irrit eyes, throat, head, drow; skin cracking; in animals: narco
ISODECYL ALCOHOL 25339-17-7	eyes; skin; resp tract; CNS	skin	Inhalation: dizziness, dullness, headache, nausea Skin: redness Eyes: redness, pain Ingestion: diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting
ISOOCTYL ALCOHOL 26952-21-6	eyes; skin; resp tract; CNS	skin	Inhalation: dizziness, dullness, headache, nausea Skin: may be absorbed, redness, skin burns Eyes: redness, pain Ingestion: diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting	Eyes; skin; resp sys; CNS; CVSInh, abs, ing, con	Irrit eyes, skin, nose throat; eye, skin burns
ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL 67-63-0	eyes; skin; resp tract; CNS	skin	Inhalation: cough, dizziness, drowsiness, headache, nausea, sore throat, vomiting Skin: redness Eyes: redness, pain, blurred vision Ingestion: dizziness, drowsiness, nausea, sore throat, vomiting	Eyes; skin; resp sys; CNSInh, ing, con	Irrit eyes, nose, throat; drow, dizz, head; dry cracking skin; in animals: narco
METHANOL 67-56-1	eyes; skin; resp tract; CNS	CNS	Inhalation: cough, dizziness, headache, nausea Skin: may be absorbed, dry skin, redness Eyes: redness, pain Ingestion: abdominal pain, shortness of breath, unconsciousness, vomiting	Eyes; skin, resp sys; CNS; GI tractInh, abs, ing, con	Irrit eyes, skin, upper resp sys; head, dizz, verti, li-head, nau, vomit; vis dist, optic nerve damage (blindness); derm
3-METHOXY 1-BUTANOL 2517-43-3	eyes; skin; resp tract; lungs	skin	Inhalation: cough, headache, symptoms may be delayed Skin: dry skin, burning sensation Eyes: redness Ingestion: abdominal pain, dullness, nausea, vomiting
2-METHYL-1-BUTANOL 137-32-6	eyes; skin; resp tract; CNS	skin	Inhalation: cough, dizziness, drowsiness, sore throat Skin: dry skin, redness Eyes: redness, pain, blurred vision
METHYLCYCLOHEXANOL 25639-42-3	eyes; upper resp tract	skin; CNS	Inhalation: cough, headache Skin: dry skin, redness Eyes: redness	Resp sys; skin; eyes; liver; kidneys; CNS Inh, abs, ing, con	Irrit eyes, skin, upper resp sys; head; in animals: narco; liver, kidney damage
o-METHYLCYCLOHEXANOL 583-59-5	eyes; upper resp tract	skin; CNS	Inhalation: cough, headache Skin: dry skin, redness Eyes: redness
m-METHYLCYCLOHEXANOL 591-23-1		skin	Inhalation: cough, headache Skin: dry skin, redness Eyes: redness
2-METHYL-4-PENTANOL 108-11-2	eyes; skin; resp tract; lungs; CNS; liver; kidneys	skin; CNS; liver; kidneys	Inhalation: confusion, drowsiness, headache, nausea, sore throat, unconsciousness Skin: may be absorbed, redness, burning sensation Eyes: redness, pain Ingestion: abdominal pain	Eyes; skin; CNS Inh, abs, ing, con	Irrit eyes, skin; head, drow; derm; in animals: narco
1-PENTANOL 71-41-0	eyes; skin; resp tract; CNS	skin	Inhalation: cough, dizziness, headache, nausea Skin: redness Eyes: redness, pain, possible corneal damage Ingestion: cough, dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting
3-PENTANOL 584-02-1	eyes; skin; resp tract; CNS	skin	Inhalation: cough, dizziness, headache, nausea, sore throat, vomiting Skin: may be absorbed, redness Eyes: redness, pain, blurred vision Ingestion: abdominal pain, diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting
2-PHENYLETHANOL 60-12-8	eyes; resp tract	CNS	Inhalation: coughEyes: redness
PROPANOL 71-23-8	eyes; skin; resp tract; CNS	skin	Inhalation: cough, dizziness, drowsiness, headache, nausea, sore throat, vomiting Skin: redness Eyes: redness, pain, blurred vision Ingestion: dizziness, drowsiness, nausea, sore throat, vomiting	Skin; eyes; resp sys; GI tract; CNS Inh, abs, ing, con	Irrit eyes, nose, throat; dry cracking skin; drow, head; ataxia, GI pain; abdom cramps, nau, vomit, diarr; in animals: narco
PROPARGYL ALCOHOL 107-19-7	eyes; skin; resp tract; liver; kidneys; blood		Inhalation: burning sensation Skin: may be absorbed, redness Eyes: pain, severe deep burns	Skin; resp sys; CNS; liver; kidneys Inh, abs, ing, con	irrit skin, muc memb; CNS depres; in animals: liver, kidney damage
TETRAHYDROFURFURYL ALCOHOL 97-99-4			Inhalation: sore throat, cough, headache, nausea, dizziness, drowsiness, unconsciousness Skin: redness, irritation, pain Eyes: redness, irritation, pain Ingestion: abdominal pain
3,5,5-TRIMETHYL-1-HEXANOL 3452-97-9	eyes; skin; resp tract	liver; kidneys	Inhalation: cough, headache, sore throat Skin: may be absorbed, roughness, burning sensation Eyes: redness, pain Ingestion: headache, nausea, vomiting

Back

Published in 104. Guide to Chemicals

Saturday, 06 August 2011 02:16

Alcohols: Chemical Identification

Chemical Formula	Chemical	Synonyms UN Code	CAS-Number
107186	ALLYL ALCOHOL	Allylic alcohol; 2-Propene-1-ol; Propenol; Propenyl alcohol UN1098	107-18-6
100516	BENZYL ALCOHOL	Benzenecarbinol; Benzenemethanol; Phenolcarbinol; Phenylmethanol	100-51-6
71363	BUTYL ALCOHOL	n-Butanol; 1-Butyl alcohol; Butyl hydroxide; 1-Hydroxybutane; Propylcarbinol; Propylmethanol	71-36-3
78922	sec-BUTYL ALCOHOL	2-Butanol; 2-Hydroxybutane; Methylethylcarbinol; 1-Methyl-1-propanol	78-92-2
75650	tert-BUTYL ALCOHOL	tert-Butanol; 1,1-Dimethylethanol; 2-Methyl-2-propanol; Trimethylcarbinol	75-65-0
108930	CYCLOHEXANOL	Cyclohexyl alcohol; Hexahydrophenol; Hexalin; Hydralin; Naxol	108-93-0
107073	2-CHLOROETHANOL	Ethylene chlorohydrin; d-Chloroethanol; b-Chloroethyl alcohol; 2-Chloroethyl alcohol UN1135	107-07-3
96231	1,3-DICHLORO-2-PROPANOL	Dichlorohydrin; a-Dichlorohydrin; 1,3-Dichloropropanol-2; sym-Glycerol dichlorohydrin UN2750	96-23-1
1185337	2,2-DIMETHYL-1-BUTANOL	2,2,-Dimethylbutanol	1185-33-7
108827	2,6-DIMETHYL-4-HEPTANOL	Diisobutyl carbinol; sec-Nonyl alcohol	108-82-7
	ETHANOL	Ethyl alcohol; Ethyl hydrate; Ethyl hydroxide; Spirt UN1170 UN1986 UN1987	64-17-54175
97950	2-ETHYLBUTYL ALCOHOL	2-Ethylbutanol; 2-Ethylbutanol-1; 2-Ethyl-1-butanol; 2-Ethylbutyl alcohol; sec-Hexyl alcohol; 3-Methylolpentane; sec-Pentylcarbinol; 3-Pentylcarbinol; Pseudohexyl alcohol; UN2275	97-95-0
104767	2-ETHYL-1-HEXANOL	Ethylhexanol; 2-Ethylhexanol; 2-Ethylhexyl alcohol	104-76-7
111706	HEPTANOL	1-Heptanol; Heptyl-alcohol ; 1-Hydroxyheptane	111-70-6
543497	2-HEPTANOL	Amyl methyl carbinol; Heptanol-2; 2-Hydroxyheptane; Methyl amyl carbinol	543-49-7
111273	HEXANOL	1-Hexanol; Hexyl-alcohol; Amylcarbinol; 1-Hydroxyhexane; Pentylcarbinol	111-27-3
123513	ISOAMYL ALCOHOL	Isobutylcarbinol; Isopentanol; Isopentyl alcohol; 3-Methyl butanol; 3-Methyl-1-butanol	123-51-3
78831	ISOBUTYL ALCOHOL	Isobutanol; 1-hydroxymethylpropane; Isopropylcarbinol; 2-Methyl propanol UN1212	78-83-1
25339177	ISODECYL ALCOHOL	Isodecanol	25339-17-7
26952216	ISOOCTYL ALCOHOL	Isooctanol	26952-21-6
67630	ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL	Dimethylcarbinol; 2-Hydroxypropane; Isopropanol; n-Propan-2-ol UN1219	67-63-0
67561	METHANOL	Methyl alcohol; Methyl hydrate; Methyl hydroxide; Monohydroxymethane UN1230	67-56-1
137326	2-METHYL-1-BUTANOL	D,L-sec-Butyl carbinol; 2-Methyl-1-butanol	137-32-6
25639423	METHYLCYCLOHEXANOL	Hexahydrocresol; Hexahydromethylphenol; Methylcyclohexanol UN2617	25639-42-3
583595	o-METHYL CYCLOHEXANOL		583-59-5
591231	m-METHYLCYCLOHEXANOL		591-23-1
108112	2-METHYL-4-PENTANOL	Isobutylmethylcarbinol; Isobutylmethylmethanol; MAOH; Methyl amyl alcohol UN2053	108-11-2
143088	NONANOL	n-Nonyl-alcohol; Octyl carbinol	143-08-8
	OCTANOL	Octyl alcohol; Heptyl carbinol; 1-Hydroxyoctane	111-87-511875
123966	2-OCTANOL	Capryl alcohol	123-96-6
143282	OLEYL ALCOHOL	Oleol; cis-9-Octadecen-1-ol ; Olive alcohol	143-28-2
71410	1-PENTANOL	Amyl alcohol; n-Butylcarbinol; Pentyl-alcohol	71-41-0
584021	3-PENTANOL		584-02-1
75854	tert-PENTYL ALCOHOL	tert-Amyl alcohol; Dimethylethylcarbinol; Ethyl dimethyl carbinol; 2-Methyl-2-Butanol; 3-Methylbutan-3-ol; tert-Pentanol	75-85-4
60128	PHENYLETHANOL	Benzyl carbinol; 2-Phenethyl alcohol; 2-Phenylethanol; Phenylethyl alcohol	60-12-8
71238	PROPANOL	Ethyl carbinol; 1-Hydroxypropane; Propyl-alcohol; Propylic alcohol UN1274	71-23-8
107197	PROPARGYL ALCOHOL	Ethynylcarbinol; Methanol, Ethyny-1; 1-Propyne-3-ol; 2-Propynyl alcohol	107-19-7
97994	TETRAHYDROFURFURYL ALCOHOL	Tetrahydro-2-furancarbinol ; Tetrahydro-2-furanmethanol ; Tetrahydro-2-furylmethanol; THFA	97-99-4
112709	TRIDECANOL	Tridecyl alcohol	112-70-9

Back

Published in 104. Guide to Chemicals

Friday, 05 August 2011 00:12

Acids and Anhydrides,Organic: Physical & Chemical Properties

Chemical Name CAS-Number	Colour/Form	Boiling Point (ºC)	Melting Point (ºC)	Molecular Weight	Solubility in Water	Relative Density (water=1)	Relative Vapour Density (air=1)	Vapour Pressure/ (Kpa)	Inflam. Limits	Flash Point (ºC)	Auto Ignition Point (ºC)
ACETIC ACID 64-19-7	rhombic crystals (<16.6 ºC melting point); colourless liquid (16.6 ºC melting point)	118	16.6	60.05	misc	1.0492	2.1	1.6	4 ll 16 ul	39 cc	426
ACETIC ANHYDRIDE 108-24-7	colourless, very mobile, strongly refractive liquid	139	-73	102.10	v sol	@ 15 ºC	3.5	0.5	2.9 ll 10.3 ul	49 cc	316
ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID 50-78-2	monoclinic tablets or needle-like crystals		135	180.15	sl sol	1.40		@ 25 ºC
ACRYLIC ACID 79-10-7	colourless liquid	141	14	72.06	misc	1.0511	2.5	0.413	2.9 ll 8 ul	54 oc	360
ADIPIC ACID 124-04-9	monoclinic prisms from ethyl acetate, water, or acetone and petroleum ether; fine white crystals or powder	337.5	152	146.14	sl sol	@ 25 ºC/4 ºC	5.04	@ 18.5 ºC	10 ll 15 mg/l ul	196 cc	422
L-ASCORBIC ACID 50-81-7	crystals (usually plates, sometimes needles, monoclinic system); white to slightly yellow crystals or powder		190-192	176.12	v sol	@ 25 ºC
BENZOIC ACID 65-85-0	monoclinic tablets, plates, leaflets; white scales or needle crystals	249.2	122.4	122.13	@ 20 ºC	@ 15 ºC/4 ºC	4.21	@ 96 ºC		121 cc	570
BUTYRIC ACID 107-92-6	oily liquid; colourless liquid	165.5	-7.9	88.10	misc	0.9577	3.0	0.43 mm Hg	2.0 ll 10.0 ul	72 cc	443
BUTYRYL CHLORIDE 141-75-3	colourless liquid	101-102	-89	106.55	slowly with decomposition	@ 20.6 ºC/4 ºC				< 21
n-CAPROIC ACID 142-62-1	oily liquid	205.8	-3.4	116.16	insol	0.929	4.01	0.024	1.3 ll 9.3 ul	102 oc	380
CHLORENDIC ACID 115-28-6	crystalline solid			388.84
CHLOROACETIC ACID 79-11-8	monoclinic prisms; colourless or white crystals; colourless to light-brownish crystals	189	(alpha) 63 ; (beta) 55-56 ; (gamma) 50	94.50	v sol	1.6	3.26	@ 43 ºC	8.0 ll ? ul	126	>500
o-CHLOROBENZOIC ACID 118-91-2	monoclinic prisms from water	sublimes	142	156.6	sol	1.544		@ 25 ºC
m-CHLOROBENZOIC ACID 535-80-8	crystals; prisms from water	sublimes	158	156.6	v sol	@ 25 ºC/4 ºC		@ 25 ºC
p-CHLOROBENZOIC ACID 74-11-3	triclinic prisms from alcohol and ether; nearly white coarse powder		243	156.6	insol			@ 25 ºC
2-CHLOROPROPIONIC ACID 598-78-7	crystals	186	-12.1	108.53	misc	1.2585
CITRIC ACID 77-92-9	crystals/monoclinic holohedra/crystallize from hot concentrated aq soln; colourless, translucent crystals or white, granular to fine crystalline powder/ rhombic crystals from water with 1 mol of water of crystallization	decomp	153	192.12	v sol	1.665			0.28 ll 2.29 ul
CITRIC ACID HYDRATE 5949-29-1	crystals	decomp	100		sol	1.5			0.28 ll 2.29 ul		1010
CROTONIC ACID 3724-65-0	monoclinic needles or prisms (from water or petroleum ether); colourless needle-like crystals; white crystalline solid	185	71.5-71.7	86.09	v sol	@ 15 ºC/4 ºC; 0.964	2.97	0.024		88	396
DICHLOROACETIC ACID 79-43-6	colourless liquid	194	9.7	128.94	misc	1.56	4.45	0.019
2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID 94-75-7	white to yellow crystalline powder; yellow colour is phenolic impurities; colourless powder; white	@ 0.4 mm Hg	138	221.04	insol	1.6	7.6	@ 160 ºC		88 oc
2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXYPROPIONIC ACID 120-36-5	colourless crystalline solid; white to tan, crystalline solid		117.5-118.1	235.07		1.42
ETHANEDIOIC ACID, DIHYDRATE 6153-56-6	colourless crystals	sublimes	102		10g/100 ml	1.7	3.1
2-ETHYLHEXANOIC ACID 149-57-5	colourless liquid	228	- 59	144.2	sol	@ 25 ºC/4 ºC	5.0	0.004	0.8 ll 6.0 ul	118 oc	310
FLUOROACETIC ACID 144-49-0	needles; colourless crystals	165	35.2	78.04	sol	@ 36 ºC		@ 25 ºC
FORMIC ACID 64-18-6	colourless liquid	101	8.4	46.00	misc	1.22	1.6	4.4	14 ll 34 ul	69	480-520
FUMARIC ACID 110-17-8	needles, monoclinic prisms or leaflets from water; colourless crystals; white crystalline powder	@ 1.7 mm Hg	300-302	116.07	sl sol	1.635
GALLIC ACID 149-91-7	prisms from water; needles from absolute methanol or chloroform		253	170.1	sl sol	@ 6 ºC/4 ºC
GLYCOLIC ACID 79-14-1	colourless crystals; rhombic needles from water; leaves from ethanol	100	80	76.05	sol
HEPTANOIC ACID 111-14-8	clear oily liquid	223.01	-7.5	130.2	sl sol	0.92
ISOBUTYRIC ACID 79-31-2	colourless liquid	152-155	-47	88.1	v sol	0.950	3.0	@ 14.7 ºC
ISOPHTHALIC ACID 121-91-5	needles	sublimes	347	166.13	sl sol
LACTIC ACID 598-82-3	colourless liquid or colourless crystals		16.8-18	90.08	v sol					>74
LAURIC ACID 143-07-7	colourless solid; white, crystalline powder	298.9	44.2	200.3	insol	0.883		@ 121.0 ºC
MALEIC ACID 110-16-7	monoclinic prisms from water; white crystals from water, alcohol & benzene; colourless crystals	135	138-139	116.07	@ 25 ºC	1.590	4.0
MALEIC ANHYDRIDE 108-31-6	orthorhombic needles from chloroform; commercial grades in fused form, as briquettes; colourless needles or white lumps or pellets; needles from chloroform or ether	202.0	52.8	98.06	sol	1.48	3.4	@ 25 ºC	1.4 ll 7.1 ul	102	475
MALONIC ACID 141-82-2	white crystals	decomp	132- 134	104.06	sol	1.63
METHACRYLIC ACID 79-41-4	liquid or colourless crystals; colourless liquid	163	16	86.09	sol	1.0153	2.97	@ 25 ºC		77 oc
2-METHYL-4-CHLOROPHENOACETIC ACID 94-74-6	light brown solid; plates from benzene or toluene; white crystalline solid (pure compd); colourless crystalline solid (pure)		120	200.6	sl sol	@ 25 ºC/15.5 ºC	6.9	0.0002 Pa
METHACRYLIC ACID, 2-DIMETHYLAMINOETHYL 2867-47-2	liquid	62-65	-30	157.22	sol	@ 25 ºC/5 ºC	5.4			739 oc
NONANOIC ACID 112-05-0	colourless, oily liquid at ordinary temp; crystallizes when cooled; yellowish oil	255	12.5	158.23	insol	0.9057
OLEIC ACID 112-80-1	colourless or nearly colourless liquid (above 5-7 ºC); yellowish, oily liquid; water-white liquid	@ 100 mm Hg	16.3	282.45	insol	@ 25 ºC					363
OXALIC ACID 144-62-7	anhyd oxalic acid, crystallized from glacial acetic acid is orthorhombic, crystals being pyramidal or elongated octahedra; transparent, colourless crystals or white powder	157	189.5	90.04	sol	@ 17 ºC /4 ºC
PALMITIC ACID 57-10-3	white crystalline scales; needles from alcohol	@ 15 mm Hg	63-64	256.5	insol	@ 62 ºC/4 ºC		@ 154 ºC
PHTHALIC ACID 88-99-3	crystals; plates from water	decomp	210-211	166.13	sl sol	1.59	5.73			168 oc
PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE 85-44-9	white, lustrous needles; colourless or pale yellow solid flakes; colourless needles; monoclinic or rhombic prisms; white needles from alcohol and benzene	295	130.8	148.11	sl sol	1.527	5.1	0.27 Pa	1.7 ll 10.4. ul		570
PIVALIC ACID 75-98-9	coloured crystals	164	35.5	102.13	sl sol	@ 50 ºC
PROPIONIC ANHYDRIDE 123-62-6	colourless liquid	167	-45	130.2	decomposes	1.01	4.5	100	1.3 ll 9.5 ul	63	285
PROPIONIC ACID 79-09-4	colourless liquid; oily liquid	141	-20.8	74.09	misc	0.9930	2.56	0.386	2.9 ll 14.8 ul	544	955
SALICYLIC ACID 69-72-7	white, fine, needle-like crystals, or fluffy, white crystalline powder; needles in water; monoclinic prisms in alcohol	211	158	138.12	sl sol	1.443	4.8	0.114	1.1 ll ? ul	157	540
STEARIC ACID 57-11-4	monoclinic leaf from alcohol; white or slightly yellow, crystal masses or powder	@ 15 mm Hg	69	284.50	insol	0.9408	9.80	@ 173.7 ºC		196	395
SUCCINIC ACID 110-15-6	white minute monoclinic prisms; triclinic or monoclinic prisms	235	188	118.09	sl sol	@ 25 ºC/4 ºC
SULPHANILIC ACID 121-57-3	rhombic plates or monoclinic crystals from water		288	173.2	sl sol	@ 25 ºC/4 ºC
TARTARIC ACID 87-69-4			169	150.08
TEREPHTHALIC ACID 100-21-0	needles; white crystals or powder	402		166.13	insol	1.51		< 0.001		260	496
p-tert BUTYLBENZOIC ACID 98-73-7	needles from dilute alcohol		164.5-165.5	178.2	insol
p-TOLUENESULPHONIC ACID 104-15-4	monoclinic leaflets or prisms; colourless crystals	140	106-107	172.2	v sol	1.24				184 cc
TRICHLOROACETIC ACID 76-03-9	crystals; colourless; white solid	197.55	58	163.40	v sol	@ 25 C/4 ºC		@ 51.0 ºC
2,4,5-TRICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID 93-76-5	white solid; light tan solid	decomp	153	255.5	insol	1.80		< 0.01 mPa
TRIFLUOROACETIC ACID 76-05-1	colourless, fuming liquid	73	-15.2	114.02	sol	@ 25 ºC
TRIMELLITIC ANHYDRIDE 552-30-7	crystals; colourless solid	240-245	161-163.5	192.13	reacts		6.6	@ 25 ºC	1 ll 7 ul
VALERIC ACID 109-52-4	colourless liquid	186-187	-34.5	102.15	sol	0.939	3.5	0.020		96 oc	400

Back

Published in 104. Guide to Chemicals

Friday, 05 August 2011 00:09

Acids and Anhydrides,Organic: Physical & Chemical Hazards

Chemical Name CAS-Number	Physical	Chemical	UN Class or Division / Subsidiary Risks
ACETIC ACID 64-19-7		The substance is a medium strong acid • Reacts violently with oxidants such as chromium trioxide and potassium permanganate • Reacts violently with strong bases • Attacks many metals forming combustible gas	8
ACETIC ANHYDRIDE 108-24-7		The substance decomposes on heating producing toxic fumes and gases including acetic acid • Reacts violently with boiling water, steam, strong oxidants, alcohols, amines, strong bases, and many other compounds • Attacks many metals in presence of water • The liquid is very corrosive, especially in presence of water or moisture	8/ 3
ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID 50-78-2	Dust explosion possible if in powder or granular form, mixed with air	The substance decomposes on contact with hot water or when dissolved in solutions of alkali hydroxides and carbonates • Upon heating, toxic fumes are formed • Reacts with strong oxidants, strong acids, strong bases
ACRYLIC ACID 79-10-7	The vapour is heavier than air • Vapour forms explosive mixture with air	The substance polymerizes readily due to heating, under the influence of light, oxygen, oxidizing agents such as peroxides or other activators (acid, iron salts), with fire or explosion hazard • Upon heating, toxic fumes are formed • The substance is a medium strong acid • Reacts violently with oxidants causing fire and explosion hazard • Reacts violently with strong bases and amines • Attacks many metals, including nickel and copper	8/ 3
ADIPIC ACID 124-04-9	Dust explosion possible if in powder or granular form, mixed with air • If dry, it can be charged electrostatically by swirling, pneumatic transport, pouring, etc.	The substance decomposes on heating producing volatile acidic vapours of valeric acid and other substances • The substance is a weak acid • Reacts with oxidizing materials
L-ASCORBIC ACID 50-81-7		The solution in water is a medium strong acid • Attacks many metals in presence of water
BENZOIC ACID 65-85-0	Dust explosion possible if in powder or granular form, mixed with air	The solution in water is a weak acid • Reacts with oxidants
BUTYRIC ACID 107-92-6			8
n-CAPROIC ACID 142-62-1		May explode on heating • On combustion, forms toxic/irritant gases • The substance is a medium strong acid • Reacts violently with oxidants (for instance chromium trioxide) causing fire and explosion hazard • Reacts vigorously with bases causing heat and pressure rise hazard • Attacks many metals forming combustible gas	8
CHLOROACETIC ACID 79-11-8		The substance decomposes on heating producing toxic and corrosive gases (hydrogen chloride, phosgene) • The solution in water is a strong acid, it reacts violently with bases and is corrosive	6.1/ 8
CITRIC ACID 77-92-9	Dust explosion possible if in powder or granular form, mixed with air	Reacts with oxidants, reductants, bases
CITRIC ACID HYDRATE 5949-29-1		The solution in water is a medium strong acid • Reacts violently with metal nitrates • Reacts with strong bases and oxidants • The substance will corrode copper, zinc, aluminium, and their alloys
CROTONIC ACID 3724-65-0		The substance may polymerize under the influence of UV-light or moisture • The solution in water is a weak acid • Reacts violently with bases, oxidants, reducing agents, causing fire and explosion hazard	8
DICHLOROACETIC ACID 79-43-6		The substance decomposes on heating producing toxic and corrosive fumes (phosgene, hydrogen chloride) • The substance is a medium strong acid • Attacks many metals forming flammable hydrogen gas • Attacks rubber	8
2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXY ACETIC ACID 94-75-7		The substance decomposes on heating producing hydrogen chloride and phosgene • The substance is a weak acid • Reacts with strong oxidants causing fire and explosion hazard
ETHANEDIOIC ACID, DIHYDRATE 6153-56-6		The substance decomposes on rapid heating above about 150°C producing toxic gas • The solution in water is a medium strong acid which reacts violently with strong bases • Reacts violently with oxidants causing fire and explosion hazard • Reacts with silver, forming explosive products
2-ETHYL HEXANOIC ACID 149-57-5	As a result of flow, agitation, etc, electrostatic charges can be generated • Vapour mixes readily with air	The substance is a strong reducing agent and reacts with oxidants • Reacts with strong oxidants
FLUOROACETIC ACID 144-49-0			6.1
FORMIC ACID 64-18-6		The substance decomposes on heating producing carbon monoxide • The substance is a medium strong acid • Reacts violently with oxidants • Reacts violently with strong bases causing fire and explosion hazard • Attacks many metals in presence of water • Attacks many plastics	8
ISOBUTYRIC ACID 79-31-2			3/ 8
LACTIC ACID 598-82-3		The substance is a medium strong acid • Attacks many metals in presence of water
MALEIC ACID 110-16-7		On combustion, forms irritating smoke (maleic anhydride) • The substance decomposes on heating and on burning producing highly irritating fumes (maleic anhydride) • The solution in water is a medium strong acid
MALEIC ANHYDRIDE 108-31-6		The solution in water is a strong acid, it reacts violently with bases and is corrosive • Reacts with strong oxidants	8
METHACRYLIC ACID 79-41-4		The substance polymerizes easily due to heating or under the presence of light, oxygen, oxidizing agents such as peroxides, or in the presence of traces of hydrochloric acid, with fire or explosion hazard • The substance decomposes on heating producing acrid fumes • The substance is a strong reducing agent and reacts with oxidants • The substance is a medium strong acid • Attacks metals	8
2-METHYL-4-CHLOROPHENOACETIC ACID 94-74-6		The substance decomposes on heating producing toxic and corrosive fumes including hydrogen chloride • The substance is a weak acid
OXALIC ACID 144-62-7		On contact with hot surfaces or flames this substance decomposes forming formic acid and carbon monoxide • The substance is a strong reducing agent and reacts with oxidants • The solution in water is a medium strong acid • Reacts violently with strong oxidants causing fire and explosion hazard • Reacts with some silver compounds to form explosive silver oxalate
PALMITIC ACID 57-10-3		On heating forms carbon oxides • The substance is a weak acid • Reacts with bases, oxidants, and reducing agents
PHTALIC ANHYDRIDE 85-44-9			8
PHTHALIC ACID 88-99-3		The solution in water is a medium strong acid
PROPIONIC ACID 79-09-4		The substance is a medium strong acid • Reacts with oxidants • Attacks many metals in presence of water	8
PROPIONIC ANHYDRIDE 123-62-6	The vapour is heavier than air	On combustion, forms toxic gases • Reacts with oxidants, bases and water	8
SALICYLIC ACID 69-72-7	Dust explosion possible if in powder or granular form, mixed with air	The substance decomposes on heating producing phenol vapours • The substance is a medium strong acid • Reacts violently with strong bases and strong oxidants
STEARIC ACID 57-11-4		The substance decomposes on heating producing carbon oxides • The substance is a weak acid • Reacts with bases, oxidants and reducing agents
SULPHANILIC ACID 121-57-3		On combustion, forms toxic gases of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur oxides • The substance decomposes on heating • Reacts with oxidants
TEREPHTHALIC ACID 100-21-0	Dust explosion possible if in powder or granular form, mixed with air	Reacts violently with strong oxidants
p-TOLUENESULFONIC ACID 104-15-4		The substance decomposes on burning producing carbon oxides and sulphur oxides • The substance is a strong acid, it reacts violently with bases and is corrosive • Attacks many metals forming extremely flammable gas
2,4,5-TRICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID 93-76-5			6.1
TRIFLUOROACETIC ACID 76-05-1			8
TRIMELLITIC ANHYDRIDE 552-30-7	Dust explosion possible if in powder or granular form, mixed with air • If dry, it can be charged electrostatically by swirling, pneumatic transport, pouring, etc	Reacts violently with oxidants • Reacts slowly with water to form trimellitic acid

For UN Class: 1.5 = very insensitive substances which have a mass explosion hazard; 2.1 = flammable gas; 2.3 = toxic gas; 3 = flammable liquid; 4.1 = flammable solid; 4.2 = substance liable to spontaneous combustion; 4.3 = substance which in contact with water emits flammable gases; 5.1 = oxidizing substance; 6.1 = toxic; 7 = radioactive; 8 = corrosive substance.

Back

Published in 104. Guide to Chemicals

Friday, 05 August 2011 00:05

Acids and Anhydrides,Organic: Health Hazards

Chemical Name CAS-Number	ICSC Short-Term Exposure	ICSC Long-Term Exposure	ICSC Routes of Exposure and Symptoms	US NIOSH Target Organs & Routes of Entry	US NIOSH Symptoms
ACETIC ACID 64-19-7	eyes; skin; resp tract; lungs	skin	Inhalation: sore throat, cough, shortness of breath, laboured breathing, symptoms may be delayed Skin: redness, serious skin burns, pain Eyes: pain, redness, blurred vision, severe deep burns Ingestion: abdominal pain, burning sensation, diarrhoea, sore throat, vomiting	Resp sys; skin; eyes; teeth Inh; con	Irrit eyes, nose, throat; eye, skin burns; derm; conj; cough; CNS depres; delayed pulm edema; in animals: kidney, repro, terato effects
ACETIC ANHYDRIDE 108-24-7	eyes; skin; resp tract	skin	Inhalation: corrosive, cough, laboured breathing, shortness of breath, sore throat, symptoms may be delayed Skin: corrosive, redness, pain, blisters Eyes: corrosive, redness, pain, severe deep burns Ingestion: corrosive, abdominal pain, sore throat, collapse	Resp sys; skin; eyes Inh; con	Conj, lac, corn edema, opac, photo; nasal, phar irrit; cough, dysp, bron; skin burns, vesic, sens derm
ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID 50-78-2	eyes; skin; resp tract	liver; kidneys; bladder; GI tract; CVS; CNS; resp tract	Inhalation: cough, dullness Skin: redness Eyes: redness	Eyes; skin; resp sys; blood; liver; kidney Inh; ing; con	Irrit eyes, skin, upper resp sys; incr blood clotting time; nau, vomit; liver, kidney inj
ACRYLIC ACID 79-10-7	eyes; skin; resp tract; lungs		Inhalation: burning sensation, cough, nasal discharge, laboured breathing, sore throat Skin: may be absorbed, redness, pain, blisters Eyes: redness, pain, loss of vision, severe deep burns Ingestion: severe burns to lips, mouth and throat, abdominal cramps, diarrhoea, unconsciousness, shock	Eyes, skin, resp sys Inh; abs; ing; con	Irrit eyes, skin, resp sys; eye, skin burns; skin sens; in animals: lung, liver, kidney inj
ADIPIC ACID 124-04-9	eyes; skin; resp tract	skin	Inhalation: cough, laboured breathing, sore throat Skin: redness Eyes: redness, pain
L-ASCORBIC ACID 50-81-7	eyes; resp tract		Inhalation: cough Eyes: redness Ingestion: only in case of large amount ingested: diarrhoea, vomiting
BENZOIC ACID 65-85-0	eyes; skin; resp tract	skin	Inhalation: cough, irritant Skin: redness, irritant Eyes: redness, irritant, pain Ingestion: abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting
n-CAPROIC ACID 142-62-1	eyes; skin; resp tract	skin	Inhalation: cough, sore throat Skin: may be absorbed, redness, burning sensation, pain Eyes: redness, pain, blurred vision Ingestion: abdominal pain, nausea, sore throat, vomiting
CHLOROACETIC ACID 79-11-8			Inhalation: corrosive, burning sensation, cough, laboured breathing, sore throat, symptoms may be delayed Skin: corrosive, may be absorbed, redness, pain, blisters Eyes: redness, pain, severe deep burns Ingestion: abdominal cramps, burning sensation, collapse
CITRIC ACID 77-92-9	eyes; skin; resp tract		Inhalation: burning sensation, cough, laboured breathing Skin: redness Eyes: redness, pain Ingestion: cough
CITRIC ACID HYDRATE 5949-29-1	eyes; resp tract		Inhalation: cough, sore throat Skin: redness Eyes: redness, pain Ingestion: sore throat, mild burning sensation
CROTONIC ACID 3724-65-0	eyes; skin; resp tract; lungs	skin	Inhalation: burning sensation, cough, headache, nausea, shortness of breath, sore throat, symptoms may be delayed Skin: skin burns, burning sensation, pain Eyes: pain, blurred vision, severe deep burns Ingestion: pain, burning sensation, diarrhoea, sore throat, vomiting
DICHLOROACETIC ACID 79-43-6	eyes; skin; resp tract; lungs		Inhalation: burning sensation, cough, laboured breathing, unconsciousness, symptoms may be delayed Skin: redness, pain, blisters Eyes: redness, pain, severe deep burns Ingestion: abdominal cramps, burning sensation, sore throat, unconsciousness, vomiting, weakness
2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID 94-75-7	eyes; skin; resp tract		Inhalation: headache, nausea, weakness Skin: redness Eyes: redness Ingestion: abdominal pain, burning sensation, diarrhoea, headache, nausea, unconsciousness, vomiting, weakness	Skin; CNS; liver; kidneys Inh; abs; ing; con	Weak, stupor, hyporeflexia, musc twitch; convuls; derm; in animals: liver, kidney inj
ETHANEDIOIC ACID, DIHYDRATE 6153-56-6	eyes; skin; resp tract; lungs; kidneys	kidneys	Inhalation: cough, shortness of breath, sore throat Skin: may be absorbed, dry skin, redness, skin burns, pain, blisters Eyes: redness, pain, severe deep burns Ingestion: abdominal cramps, sore throat, vomiting, weakness, convulsions
2-ETHYLHEXANOIC ACID 149-57-5	eyes; skin; resp tract	liver	Skin: rednessEyes: redness, pain
FLUOROACETIC ACID 144-49-0	eyes; skin; resp tract; CVS; CNS; kidneys
FORMIC ACID 64-18-6	eyes; skin; resp tract; lungs	skin	Inhalation: burning sensation, cough, laboured breathing, shortness of breath, symptoms may be delayed Skin: redness, serious skin burns, pain Eyes: redness, pain, blurred vision, severe deep burns Ingestion: abdominal pain, burning sensation, diarrhoea, sore throat, vomiting	Eyes; skin; resp sys Inh; ing; con	Irrit eyes, skin, throat; skin burns; derm; lac; rhin; cough, dysp; nau
LACTIC ACID 598-82-3	eyes; skin; resp tract		Inhalation: cough, shortness of breath, sore throat, symptoms may be delayed Skin: redness, skin burns, pain Eyes: redness, pain, severe deep burns Ingestion: abdominal pain, burning sensation, nausea, sore throat, vomiting
MALEIC ACID 110-16-7	eyes; skin; resp tract	skin; kidneys	Inhalation: cough, laboured breathing Skin: redness, skin burns, severe irritant Eyes: redness, pain, blurred vision Ingestion: burning sensation, see inhalation ,
MALEIC ANHYDRIDE 108-31-6	eyes; skin; resp tract	skin	Inhalation: cough, headache, laboured breathing, nausea, shortness of breath, vomiting Skin: redness, skin burns Eyes: redness, pain, lacrymation, severe deep burns Ingestion: abdominal pain	Eyes; skin; resp sys Inh; ing; con	Irrit nose, upper resp sys; conj; photo, double vision; bronchial asthma; derm
METHACRYLIC ACID 79-41-4	eyes; skin; mucous membranes; resp tract; lungs		Inhalation: burning sensation, cough, laboured breathing Skin: redness, skin burns, pain, blisters Eyes: redness, pain, loss of vision, severe deep burns Ingestion: abdominal cramps, abdominal pain, burning sensation, weakness	Eyes; skin; resp sys Inh; abs; ing; con	Irrit eyes, skin, muc memb; eye, skin burns
2-METHYL-4-CHLOROPHENOACETIC ACID 94-74-6	eyes; skin; resp tract	birth defects	Inhalation: headache, nausea Skin: redness Eyes: redness Ingestion: abdominal pain, nausea, unconsciousness, vomiting, weakness
OXALIC ACID 144-62-7	eyes; skin; resp tract; lungs; kidneys	skin; kidneys	Inhalation: burning sensation, cough, laboured breathing, sore throat, symptoms may be delayed Skin: redness, skin burns, pain, blisters Eyes: redness, pain, blurred vision, loss of vision, severe deep burns Ingestion: burning sensation, drowsiness, sore throat, vomiting, shock, low back pain	Resp sys; skin; kidneys; eyes Inh; ing; con	Irrit eyes, skin, muc memb; eye burns; local pain, cyan; shock, collapse, convuls; kidney damage
PALMITIC ACID 57-10-3	eyes; skin; resp tract; lungs	skin	Eyes: redness
PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE 85-44-9	eyes; skin; resp tract	skin; lungs		Resp sys; eyes; skin; liver; kidneys Inh; ing; con	Irrit eyes, skin, upper resp sys; conj; nasal ulcer bleeding; bron, bronchial asthma; derm; in animals: liver, kidney damage
PHTHALIC ACID 88-99-3	eyes; skin; resp tract		Inhalation: cough Skin: redness Eyes: redness, pain
PROPIONIC ACID 79-09-4	eyes; skin; resp tract		Inhalation: cough, laboured breathing, sore throat Skin: skin burns, pain, blisters Eyes: redness, pain, blurred vision, severe deep burns Ingestion: abdominal pain, nausea, sore throat, vomiting,	Eyes; skin; resp sys Inh; abs; ing; con	Irrit eyes, skin, nose, throat; blurred vision, com burns; skin burns; abdom pain, nau, vomit
PROPIONIC ANHYDRIDE 123-62-6	eyes; skin; resp tract; lungs		Inhalation: burning sensation, cough, laboured breathing, sore throat, symptoms may be delayed Skin: redness, skin burns Eyes: redness, severe deep burns Ingestion: sore throat, burns
SALICYLIC ACID 69-72-7	eyes; skin; resp tract; CNS	skin	Inhalation: cough, sore throat Skin: may be absorbed, redness, pain Eyes: redness, pain, blurred vision Ingestion: nausea, vomiting, ear ringing
STEARIC ACID 57-11-4	eyes	lungs	Inhalation: cough, laboured breathing Eyes: redness, pain Ingestion: constipation
SULPHANILIC ACID 121-57-3	eyes; skin; resp tract; blood	skin; lungs	Inhalation: blue lips or finger nails, blue skin, cough, dizziness, headache, laboured breathing, sore throat Skin: redness Eyes: redness Ingestion: blue lips or fingernails, blue skin, dizziness, headache, laboured breathing
TEREPHTHALIC ACID 100-21-0	eyes; skin		Inhalation: cough, irritant Skin: redness, mild irritant Eyes: redness, irritant
p-TOLUENESULPHONIC ACID 104-15-4	eyes; skin; resp tract; lungs		Inhalation: burning sensation, cough, laboured breathing Skin: redness, pain, blisters Eyes: redness, pain, blurred vision Ingestion: burning sensation, sore throat
2,4,5-TRICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID 93-76-5	eyes; skin; resp tract			Skin; liver; GI tract Inh; ing; con	In animals: ataxia; skin irrit, acne-like rash, liver damage
TRIMELLITIC ANHYDRIDE 552-30-7	eyes; skin; resp tract; lungs; blood		Inhalation: cough, dizziness, wheezing, chills Skin: redness Eyes: redness, pain	Eyes; skin; resp sys abs	Irrit eyes, skin; nose; resp sys; pulm edema, resp sens; rhinitis, asthma, cough, wheez, dysp, mal, fever, musc aches, sneez
VALERIC ACID 109-52-4	eyes; skin; resp tract; lungs; CNS

Back

Published in 104. Guide to Chemicals

Thursday, 04 August 2011 23:50

Acids and Anhydrides,Organic: Chemical Identification

Chemical Formula	Chemical	Synonyms UN Code	CAS-Number
64197	ACETIC ACID	Ethanoic acid; Ethylic acid; Methanecarboxylic acid UN2789 UN2790	64-19-7
108247	ACETIC ANHYDRIDE	Acetanhydride; Acetic oxide; Acetyl anhydride; Acetyl ether; Acetyl oxide; Ethanoic anhydrate UN1715	108-24-7
50782	ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID	Acetosalic acid; o-Acetoxybenzoic acid; 2-Acetoxybenzoic acid; Salicylic acid, acetate; Aspirin	50-78-2
79107	ACRYLIC ACID	Ethylenecarboxylic acid; Propene acid; Propenoic acid UN2218	79-10-7
124049	ADIPIC ACID	Adipinic acid; 1,4-Butanedicarboxylic acid; Hexanedioic acid; 1,6-Hexanedioic acid	124-04-9
50817	L-ASCORBIC ACID	3-Keto-l-gulofuranolactone; L-3-Ketothreohexuronic acid lactone; Vitamin C	50-81-7
65850	BENZOIC ACID	Benzenecarboxylic acid; Benzeneformic acid; Benzenemethanoic acid; Benzoate; Phenyl carboxylic acid; Phenylformic acid	65-85-0
107926	BUTYRIC ACID	Butanic acid; Butanoic acid; n-Butyric acid; Butyric acid; Ethylacetic acid; 1-Propanecarboxylic acid; Propylformic acid UN2820	107-92-6
142621	n-CAPROIC ACID	Butylacetic acid; Capronic acid; n-Hexanoic acid; N-Hexoic acid; Pentanecarboxylic acid; Pentiformic acid; Pentylformic acid UN2829	142-62-1
115286	CHLORENDIC ACID	1,4,5,6,7,7-Hexachloro-5-norbornene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid; Hexachloro-endo-Methylenetetrahydrophthalic acid	115-28-6
79118	CHLOROACETIC ACID	Monochloroacetic acid; Monochloroethanoic acid UN1750 UN1751	79-11-8
118912	o-CHLOROBENZOIC ACID	2-CBA; 2-Chlorobenzoic acid	118-91-2
535808	m-CHLOROBENZOIC ACID	3-Chlorobenzoic acid	535-80-8
74113	p-CHLOROBENZOIC ACID	p-Carboxychlorobenzene; 4-Chlorobenzoic acid; Chlorodracylic acid	74-11-3
598787	2-CHLOROPROPIONIC ACID	a-Chloropropionic acid UN2511	598-78-7
94746	4-CHLORO-o-TOLOXYACETIC ACID	4-Chloro-o-cresoxyacetic acid; (4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid;	94-74-6
77929	CITRIC ACID	Citro; 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid; b-Hydroxytricarballylic acid	77-92-9
5949291	CITRIC ACID HYDRATE	1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-Hydroxy-, monohydrate	5949-29-1
3724650	CROTONIC ACID	a-Butenoic acid; b-Methylacrylic acid; 3-Methylacrylic acid UN2823	3724-65-0
79436	DICHLORACETIC ACID	Bichloracetic acid; 2,2-Dichloroacetic acid; Dichloroethanoic acid UN1764	79-43-6
94757	2,4-DICHLORPHENOXYACETIC ACID	2,4-D; Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid	94-75-7
149575	2-ETHYLHEXOIC ACID	Butylethylacetic acid; a-Ethylcaproic acid; 2-Ethylhexanoic acid;	149-57-5
144490	FLUOROACETIC ACID	Pymonic acid; Fluoroacetate; Fluoroethanoic acid; Monofluoroacetate; Monofluoroacetic acid UN2642	144-49-0
64186	FORMIC ACID	Aminic acid; Formylic acid; Hydrogen carboxylic acid; Methanoic acid UN1779	64-18-6
110178	FUMARIC ACID	trans-Butenedioic acid; trans-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid; 1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid	110-17-8
149917	GALLIC ACID	3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acid	149-91-7
79141	GLYCOLIC ACID	Hydroxyacetic acid; Hydroxyethanoic acid	79-14-1
111148	HEPTANOIC ACID	n-Heptoic acid; Heptylic acid; 1-Hexanecarboxylic acid; Oenanthic acid; Oenanthylic acid	111-14-8
79312	ISOBUTYRIC ACID	Dimethylacetic acid; Isopropylformic acid; 2-Methylpropanoic acid; 2-Methylpropionic acid UN2529	79-31-2
121915	ISOPHTHALIC ACID	Benzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid; m-Benzenedicarboxylic acid; m-Phthalic acid	121-91-5
143077	LAURIC ACID	Dodecanoic acid; Dodecoic acid; Duodecylic acid; Laurostearic acid; 1-Undecanecarboxylic acid	143-07-7
110167	MALEIC ACID	cis-Butenedioic acid; cis-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid; 1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid; Maleinic acid; Malenic acid; Toxilic acid	110-16-7
108316	MALEIC ANHYDRIDE	cis-Butenedioic anhydride; 2,5-Furandione; Maleic acid anhydride; Toxilic anhydride UN2215	108-31-6
141822	MALONIC ACID	Carboxyacetic acid; Dicarboxymethane; Methanedicarboxylic acid; Propanedioic acid	141-82-2
90642	MANDELIC ACID	a-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid; a-Hydroxy-a-toluic acid; Paramandelic acid; Phenylglycolic acid; Phenylhydroxyacetic acid	90-64-2
79414	METHACRYLIC ACID	Methacrylic acid; 2-Methylpropenoic acid UN2531	79-41-4
112050	NONANOIC ACID	n-Nonylic acid; 1-Octanecarboxylic acid; Pelargonic acid	112-05-0
112801	9-OCTADECENOIC ACID	cis-9-Octadecenoic acid; 9,10-Octadecenoic acid; Oleic acid; Oleinic acid	112-80-1
144627	OXALIC ACID	Ethanedioic acid; Ethanedionic acid	144-62-7
57103	PALMITIC ACID	Cetylic acid; Hexadecanoic acid; n-hexadecoic acid; Hexadecylic acid; 1-Pentadecanecarboxylic acid	57-10-3
88993	PHTHALIC ACID	Benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid; o-benzenedicarboxylic acid; 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid; o-Dicarboxybenzene; o-Phthalic acid	88-99-3
85449	PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE	1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid anhydride; 1,3-Dioxophthalan; 1,3-Isobenzofurandione; Phthalandione; 1,3-Phthalandione; Phthalic acid anhydride UN2214	85-44-9
75989	PIVALIC ACID	2,2-Dimethylpropanoic acid; a,a-Dimethylpropionic acid; 2,2-Dimethylpropionic acid; Neopentanoic acid; tert-Pentanoic acid; Propanoic acid; Trimethylacetic acid	75-98-9
79094	PROPIONIC ACID	Carboxyethane; Ethanecarboxylic acid; Ethylformic acid; Metacetonic acid; Methyl acetic acid; Propanoic acid UN1848	79-09-4
123626	PROPIONIC ANHYDRIDE	Methylacetic anhydride; Propanoic anhydride; Propionic acid anhydride; Propionyl oxide UN2496	123-62-6
98737	p-tert-BUTYL BENZOIC ACID	p-TBBA	98-73-7
104154	p-TOLUENESULPHONIC ACID	p-Methylbenzenesulfonic acid; 4-Methylbenzenesulfonic acid; p-Methylphenylsulfonic acid; Toluenesulfonic acid; 4-Toluenesulfonic acid	104-15-4
69727	SALICYLIC ACID	o-Hydroxybenzoic acid; 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid; Orthohydroxybenzoic acid	69-72-7
57114	STEARIC ACID	Cetylacetic acid; 1-Heptadecanecarboxylic acid; Octadecanoic acid	57-11-4
110156	SUCCINIC ACID	butanedioic acid; 1,2-Ethanedicarboxylic acid; Ethylenesuccinic acid	110-15-6
121573	SULPHANILIC-ACID	p-Aminobenzenesulphonic acid; 4-Aminobenzenesulphonic acid; p-Aminophenylsulphonic acid; Aniline-p-sulphonic acid; Aniline-4-sulphonic acid	121-57-3
87694	TARTARIC ACID	2,3-Dihydrosuccinic acid; 2,3-Dihydroxybutanedioic acid; Threaric acid	87-69-4
100210	TEREPHTHALIC ACID	p-Benzenedicarboxylic acid; 1,4-Benzenedicarboxylic acid	100-21-0
76039	TRICHLORACETIC ACID	TCA UN1839 UN2564	76-03-9
93765	TRICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID	2,4,5-T	93-76-5
76051	TRIFLUOROACETIC ACID	Perfluoroacetic acid; Trifluoroethanoic acid; TFA UN2699	76-05-1
552307	TRIMELLIC ACID ANHYDRIDE	4-Carboxyphthalic anhydride; 1,3-Dioxo-5-Phthalancarboxylic acid; 5-Phthalanacarboxylic acid; 1,2,4-Benzenetricarboxylic anhydride	552-30-7
109524	VALERIC ACID	Butanecarboxylic acid; 1-Butanecarboxylic acid; Pentanoic acid; Propylacetic acid	109-52-4

Back

Published in 104. Guide to Chemicals

Thursday, 04 August 2011 23:42

Acids, Inorganic: Physical & Chemical Properties

Chemical Name CAS-Number	Colour/Form	Boiling Point (ºC)	Melting Point (ºC)	Molecular Weight (g/mol)	Solubility In Water	Relative Density (water=1)	Relative Vapour Density (air=1)	Vapour Pressure/ (Kpa)	Inflam. Limits	Flash Point (ºC)	Auto Ignition Point (ºC)
BORIC ACID 10043-35-3	colourless, transparent crystals or white granules or powder	300	169	61.84	1 g/18 ml	@ 15 ºC
CARBONIC ACID 2582-30-1				63.03	sol
CHLOROSULPHURIC ACID 7790-94-5	colourless or slightly yellow liquid	@ 755 mm Hg	-80	116.53		1.753	4.02	@ 32 ºC
FLUOROSULPHURIC ACID 7789-21-1	colourless liquid; reddish-brown colour with acetone	163	-89	100.07		@ 25 ºC/4 ºC
HYDROCHLORIC ACID 7647-01-0	colourless liquid	-85	-114	36.46	82.3 g/100 ml	@ 15 ºC/4 ºC	1.3
HYDROFLUOBORIC ACID 16872-11-0	colourless liquid	130		87.82	misc	1.84
NITRIC ACID 7697-37-2	transparent colourless or yellowish liquid	83	-42	63.01	sol	@ 25 ºC/4 ºC	2-3	6.4
PERCHLORIC ACID 7601-90-3	colourless, oily liquid	@ 11 mm Hg	-112	100.47	misc	@ 22 ºC
PHOSPHORIC ACID 7664-38-2	unstable orthorhombic crystals or clear syrupy liquid; at 20 deg C, the 50 and 75% strengths are mobile liquids, the 85% is of a syrupy consistency, while the 100% acid is in the form of crystals; viscous, colourless, odorless liquid	213	42.4	98.00	v sol		3.4	4.0
SILICIC ACID 7699-41-4	jelly-like precipitate obtained when sodium silicate solution is acified during drying jelly is converted to a white amorphous powder.
SULPHAMIC ACID 5329-14-6	orthorhombic crystals; white crystalline solid		205	97.10	sol	2.15
SULPHURIC ACID 7664-93-9	clear, colourless, oily liquid when pure but brownish in hue when impure	290	10.4	98.08	sol	1.841	3.4	0.13

Back

Published in 104. Guide to Chemicals

Thursday, 04 August 2011 23:49

Acids, Inorganic: Physical & Chemical Hazards

Chemical Name CAS-Number	Physical	Chemical	UN Class Or Division / Subsidiary Risks
CHLOROSULPHURIC ACID 7790-94-5			8
FLUOROSULPHURIC ACID 7789-21-1			8
HYDROCHLORIC ACID 7647-01-0	The gas is heavier than air	The solution in water is a strong acid, it reacts violently with bases and is corrosive • Reacts violently with oxidants forming toxic gas (chlorine) • On contact with air it emits corrosive fumes (hydrochloric acid) • Attacks many metals forming combustible gas (HYDROGEN)	8
HYDROFLUOBORIC ACID 16872-11-0			8
NITRIC ACID 7697-37-2		The substance decomposes on warming producing nitrogen oxides • The substance is a strong oxidant and reacts violently with combustible and reducing materials, eg, turpentine, charcoal, alcohol • The substance is a strong acid, it reacts violently with bases and is corrosive to metals • Reacts very violently with organic chemicals (eg, acetone, acetic acid, acetic anhydride), causing fire and explosion hazard • Attacks some plastics	8
PERCHLORIC ACID 7601-90-3			5.1/ 8
PHOSPHORIC ACID 7664-38-2		The substance violently polymerizes under the influence of azo compounds, epoxides and other polymerizable compounds • On combustion, forms toxic fumes (phosphorous oxides) • The substance decomposes on contact with metals, alcohols, aldehydes, cyanides, ketones, phenols, esters, sulfides, halogenated organics producing toxic fumes • The substance is a medium strong acid • Attacks metals to liberate flammable hydrogen gas	8
SULPHAMIC ACID 5329-14-6			8
SULPHURIC ACID 7664-93-9		On combustion, forms toxic fumes (sulphur oxides) • The substance is a strong oxidant and reacts violently with combustible and reducing materials • The substance is a strong acid, it reacts violently with bases and is corrosive to most common metals forming a flammable/explosive gas (hydrogen) • Reacts violently with water and organic materials with evolution of heat • Upon heating, irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) (sulphur oxides) are formed	8

Back

Published in 104. Guide to Chemicals

Thursday, 04 August 2011 23:36

Acids, Inorganic: Health Hazards

Chemical Name Cas-Number	ICSC Short Term Exposure	ICSC Long Term Exposure	ICSC Routes Of Exposure and Symptoms	US NIOSH Target Organs & Routes Of Entry	US NIOSH Symptoms
HYDROCHLORIC ACID 7647-01-0	eyes; skin; resp tract; lungs	lungs; teeth	Inhalation: corrosive, burning sensation, cough, laboured breathing, shortness of breath, sore throat, symptoms may be delayed Skin: corrosive, serious skin burns, pain Eyes: corrosive, pain, blurred vision, severe deep burns	resp sys; eyes; skininh, ing,(soln),con	Irrit nose, throat, larynx; cough, choking; derm; soln: eye, skin burns; liq: frostbite; in animals: lar spasm; pulm edema
NITRIC ACID 7697-37-2			Inhalation: corrosive, burning sensation, cough, laboured breathing, unconsciousness, symptoms may be delayed Skin: corrosive, serious skin burns, pain, yellow discolouration Eyes: corrosive, redness, pain, blurred vision, severe deep burns Ingestion: corrosive, abdominal pain, burning sensation, shock	eyes; resp sys; skin; teethinh, ing, con	Irrit eyes, skin, muc memb; delayed pulm edema, Pneuitis, bron; dental erosion
PHOSPHORIC ACID 7664-38-2	eyes; skin; resp tract; lungs		Inhalation: burning sensation, cough, laboured breathing, shortness of breath, sore throat, unconsciousness Skin: redness, pain, blisters Eyes: redness, pain, blurred vision, severe deep burns Ingestion: abdominal cramps, burning sensation, confusion, laboured breathing sore throat, unconsciousness, weakness	resp sys; eyes; skininh, ing, con	Irrit eyes, skin, upper resp sys; eye, skin burns; derm
SULPHAMIC ACID 5329-14-6	eyes; skin; resp tract; lungs
SULPHURIC ACID 7664-93-9	eyes; skin; resp tract; lungs		Inhalation: corrosive, burning sensation, cough, laboured breathing, sore throat Skin: corrosive, redness, serious skin burns, pain, severe deep burns Ingestion: corrosive, abdominal pain, burning sensation, vomiting, collapse	resp sys; eyes; skin; teethinh, ing, con	Irrit eyes, skin, nose, throat; pulm edema, bron; emphy; conj; stomatis; dental erosion; trachbronc; eye, skin burns; derm

Back

Published in 104. Guide to Chemicals

Thursday, 04 August 2011 23:33

Acids, Inorganic: Chemical Identification

Chemical Formula	Chemical	Synonyms UN Code	CAS-Number
B(OH)₃	BORIC ACID	Boracic acid; Orthoboric acid	10043-35-3
HClSO₃	CHLOROSULPHURIC ACID	Chlorosulphonic acid; Monochlorosulphuric acid; Sulphonic acid monochloride; Sulphuric chlorohydrin UN1754 UN2240	7790-94-5
HFSO₃	FLUOROSULPHURIC ACID	Fluorosulphonic acid; Fluosulphonic acid UN1777	7789-21-1
HCl	HYDROCHLORIC ACID	Anhydrous hydrochloric acid; Chlorohydric acid; Hydrochloride; Hydrogen chloride UN1050 UN1789 UN2186	7647-01-0
HBF₄	HYDROFLUOBORIC ACID	Borofluoric acid; Fluoboric acid; Hydrogen tetrafluoroborate; Tetrafluoroboric acid UN1775	16872-11-0
HNO₃	NITRIC ACID	Agua fortis; Azotic acid UN2032	7697-37-2
HClO₄	PERCHLORIC ACID	Perchloric acid UN1802 UN1873	7601-90-3
H₃PO₄	PHOSPHORIC ACID	Orthophosphoric acid UN1805	7664-38-2
SiH₂O₃	SILICIC ACID	Metasilicic acid; Precipitated silica; Silica gel	7699-41-4
NH₂SO₃ H	SULFAMIC ACID	Amidosulphonic acid; Amidosulphuric acid UN2967	5329-14-6
H₂SO₄	SULPHURIC ACID	Dihydrogen sulphate UN1830 UN1832	7664-93-9

Back

Published in 104. Guide to Chemicals

Start
Prev
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Next
End

Page 18 of 122

" DISCLAIMER: The ILO does not take responsibility for content presented on this web portal that is presented in any language other than English, which is the language used for the initial production and peer-review of original content. Certain statistics have not been updated since the production of the 4th edition of the Encyclopaedia (1998)."

Entertainment and the Arts References

American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons. 1991. Protective equipment. In Athletic Training and Sports Medicine. Park Ridge, IL: APOS.

Arheim, DD. 1986. Dance Injuries: Their Prevention and Care. St. Louis, MO: CV Mosby Co.

Armstrong, RA, P Neill, and R Mossop. 1988. Asthma induced by ivory dust: A new occupational cause. Thorax 43(9):737-738.

Axelsson, A and F Lindgren. 1981. Hearing in classical musicians. Acta Oto-Larynogologica 92 Suppl. 377:3-74.

Babin, A 1996. Orchestra pit sound level measurements in Broadway shows. Presented at the 26th Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Association. New York, 20 November.

Baker, EL, WA Peterson, JL Holtz, C Coleman, and PJ Landrigan. 1979. Subacute cadmium intoxication in jewellery workers: an evaluation of diagnostic procedures. Arch Environ Health 34:173-177.

Balafrej, A, J Bellakhdar, M El Haitem, and H Khadri. 1984. Paralysis due to glue in young apprentice shoemakers in the medina of Fez. Rev Pediatrie 20(1):43-47.

Ballesteros, M, CMA Zuniga, and OA Cardenas. 1983. Lead concentrations in the blood of children from pottery-making families exposed to lead salts in a Mexican village. B Pan Am Health Organ 17(1):35-41.

Bastian, RW. 1993. Benign mucosal and saccular disorders; benign laryngeal tumors. In Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, edited by CW Cumming. St. Louis, MO: CV Mosby Co.

—. 1996. Vocal fold microsurgery in singers. Journal of Voice 10(4):389-404

Bastian, R, A Keidar, and K Verdolini-Marston. 1990. Simple vocal tasks for detecting vocal fold swelling. Journal of Voice 4(2):172-183.

Bowling, A. 1989. Injuries to dancers: Prevalence, treatment and perception of causes. British Medical Journal 6675:731-734.

Bruno, PJ, WN Scott, and G Huie. 1995. Basketball. In The Team Physicians’s Handbook, edited by MB Mellion, WM Walsh and GL Shelton. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby Yearbook.

Burr, GA, TJ Van Gilder, DB Trout, TG Wilcox, and R Friscoll. 1994. Health Hazard Evaluation Report: Actors’ Equity Association/The League of American Theaters and Producers, Inc. Doc. HETA 90-355-2449. Cincinnati, OH: US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.

Calabrese, LH, DT Kirkendal, and M Floyd. 1983. Menstrual abnormalities, nutritional patterns and body composition in female classical ballet dancers. Phys Sports Med 11:86-98.

Cardullo, AC, AM Ruszkowski, and VA DeLeo. 1989. Allergic contact dermatitis resulting from sensitivity to citrus peel, geriniol, and citral. J Am Acad Dermatol 21(2):395-397.

Carlson, T. 1989. Lights! Camera! Tragedy. TV Guide (26 August):8-11.

Chasin, M and JP Chong. 1992. A clinically efficient hearing protection program for musicians. Med Prob Perform Artists 7(2):40-43.

—. 1995. Four environmental techniques to reduce the effect of music exposure on hearing. Med Prob Perform Artists 10(2):66-69.

Chaterjee, M. 1990. Ready-made garment workers in Ahmedabad. B Occup Health Safety 19:2-5.

Clare, PR. 1990. Football. In The Team Physicians’s Handbook, edited by MB Mellion, WM Walsh, and GL Shelton. St. Louis, MO: CV Mosby Co.

Cornell, C. 1988. Potters, lead and health—Occupational safety in a Mexican village (meeting abstract). Abstr Pap Am Chem S 196:14.

Council on Scientific Affairs of the American Medical Association. 1983. Brain injury in boxing. JAMA 249:254-257.

Das, PK, KP Shukla, and FG Ory. 1992. An occupational health programme for adults and children in the carpet weaving industry, Mirzapur, India: A case study in the informal sector. Soc Sci Med 35(10):1293-1302.

Delacoste, F and P Alexander. 1987. Sex Work: Writings by Women in the Sex Industry. San Francisco, CA: Cleis Press.

Depue, RH and BT Kagey. 1985. A proportionate mortality study of the acting profession. Am J Ind Med 8:57-66.

Dominguez, R, JR DeJuanes Paardo, M Garcia Padros, and F Rodriguez Artalejo. 1987. Antitetanic vaccination in a high-risk population. Med Segur Trab 34:50-56.

Driscoll, RJ, WJ Mulligan, D Schultz, and A Candelaria. 1988. Malignant mesothelioma: a cluster in a Native American population. New Engl J Med 318:1437-1438.

Estébanez, P, K Fitch, and Nájera 1993. HIV and female sex workers. Bull WHO 71(3/4):397-412.

Evans, RW, RI Evans, S Carjaval, and S Perry. 1996. A survey of injuries among Broadway performers. Am J Public Health 86:77-80.

Feder, RJ. 1984. The professional voice and airline flight. Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, 92(3):251-254.

Feldman, R and T Sedman. 1975. Hobbyists working with lead. New Engl J Med 292:929.

Fishbein, M. 1988. Medical problems among ICSOM musicians. Med Prob Perform Artists 3:1-14.

Fisher, AA. 1976. “Blackjack disease” and other chromate puzzles. Cutis 18(1):21-22.

Frye, HJH. 1986. Incidence of overuse syndrome in the symphony orchestra. Med Prob Perform Artists 1:51-55.

Garrick, JM. 1977. The frequency of injury, mechanism of injury and epidemiology of ankle sprains. Am J Sports Med 5:241-242.

Griffin, R, KD Peterson, J Halseth, and B Reynolds. 1989. Radiographic study of elbow injuries in professional rodeo cowboys. Phys Sports Med 17:85-96.

Hamilton, LH and WG Hamilton. 1991. Classical ballet: Balancing the costs of artistry and athleticism. Med Prob Perform Artists 6:39-44.

Hamilton, WG. 1988. Foot and ankle injuries in dancers. In Sports Clinics of North America, edited by L Yokum. Philadelphia, PA: Williams and Wilkins.

Hardaker, WTJ. 1987. Medical considerations in dance training for children. Am Fam Phys 35(5):93-99.

Henao, S. 1994. Health Conditions of Latin American Workers. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association.

Huie, G and EB Hershman. 1994. The team clinician’s bag. Am Acad Phys Asst 7:403-405.

Huie, G and WN Scott. 1995. Assessment of ankle sprains in athletes. Phys Assist J 19(10):23-24.

Kipen, HM and Y Lerman. 1986. Respiratory abnormalities among photographic developers: A report of 3 cases. Am J Ind Med 9:341-347.

Knishkowy, B and EL Baker. 1986. Transmission of occupational disease to family contacts. Am J Ind Med 9:543-550.

Koplan, JP, AV Wells, HJP Diggory, EL Baker, and J Liddle. 1977. Lead absorption in a community of potters in Barbados. Int J Epidemiol 6:225-229.

Malhotra, HL. 1984. Fire safety in assembly buildings. Fire Safety J 7(3):285-291.

Maloy, E. 1978. Projection booth safety: New findings and new dangers. Int Assoc Electr Inspect News 50(4):20-21.

McCann, M. 1989. 5 dead in movie heliocopter crash. Art Hazards News 12:1.

—. 1991. Lights! Camera! Safety! A Health and Safety Manual for Motion Picture and Television Production. New York: Center for Safety in the Arts.

—. 1992a. Artist Beware. New York: Lyons and Burford.

—. 1992b. Art Safety Procedures: A Health and Safety Manual for Art Schools and Art Departments. New York: Center for Safety in the Arts.

—. 1996. Hazards in cottage industries in developing countries. Am J Ind Med 30:125-129.

McCann, M, N Hall, R Klarnet, and PA Peltz. 1986. Reproductive hazards in the arts and crafts. Presented at the Annual Conference of the Society for Occupational and Environmental Health Conference on Reproductive Hazards in the Environment and Workplace, Bethesda, MD, 26 April.

Miller, AB, DT Silverman, and A Blair. 1986. Cancer risk among artistic painters. Am J Ind Med 9:281-287.

MMWR. 1982. Chromium sensitization in an artist’s workshop. Morb Mort Weekly Rep 31:111.

—. 1996. Bull riding-related brain and spinal cord injuries—Louisiana, 1994-1995. Morb and Mort Weekly Rep 45:3-5.

Monk, TH. 1994. Circadian rhythms in subjective activation, mood, and performance efficiency. In Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, 2nd edition, edited by M. Kryger and WC. Roth. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders.

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 1991. Environmental Tobacco Smoke in the Workplace: NIOSH Current Intelligence Bulletin 54. Cincinnati, OH: NIOSH.

Norris, RN. 1990. Physical disorders of visual artists. Art Hazards News 13(2):1.

Nubé, J. 1995. Beta Blockers and Performing Musicians. Doctoral thesis. Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam.

O’Donoghue, DH. 1950. Surgical treatment of fresh injuries to major ligaments of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg 32:721-738.

Olkinuora, M. 1984. Alcoholism and occupation. Scand J Work Environ Health 10(6):511-515.

—. 1976. Injuries to the knee. In Treatment of Injuries to Athletes, edited by DH O’Donoghue. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders.

Pan American Health Organization, (PAHO). 1994. Health Conditions in the Americas. Vol. 1. Washington, DC: PAHO.

Pheterson, G. 1989. The Vindication of the Rights of Whores. Seattle, WA: Seal Press.

Prockup, L. 1978. Neuropathy in an artist. Hosp Pract (November):89.

Qualley, CA. 1986. Safety in the Artroom. Worcester, MA: Davis Publications.

Ramakrishna, RS, P Muthuthamby, RR Brooks, and DE Ryan. 1982. Blood lead levels in Sri Lankan families recovering gold and silver from jewellers’ waste. Arch Environ Health 37(2):118-120.

Ramazzini, B. 1713. De morbis artificum (Diseases of Workers). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Rastogi, SK, BN Gupta, H Chandra, N Mathur, PN Mahendra, and T Husain. 1991. A study of the prevalence of respiratory morbidity among agate workers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 63(1):21-26.

Rossol, M. 1994. The Artist’s Complete Health and Safety Guide. New York: Allworth Press.

Sachare, A.(ed.). 1994a. Rule #2. Section IIC. In The Official NBA Basketball Encyclopedia. New York: Villard Books.

—. 1994b. Basic Principle P: Guidelines for infection control. In The Official NBA Basketball Encyclopedia. New York: Villard Books.

Sammarco, GJ. 1982. The foot and ankle in classical ballet and modern dance. In Disorders of the Foot, edited by MH Jahss. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders.

Sataloff, RT. 1991. Professional Voice: The Science and Art of Clinical Care. New York: Raven Press.

—. 1995. Medications and their effect on the voice. Journal of Singing 52(1):47-52.

—. 1996. Pollution: Consequences for singers. Journal of Singing 52(3):59-64.

Schall, EL, CH Powell, GA Gellin, and MM Key. 1969. Hazards to go-go dancers to exposures to “black” light from fluorescent bulbs. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 30:413-416.

Schnitt, JM and D Schnitt. 1987. Psychological aspects of dance. In The Science of Dance Training, edited by P Clarkson and M Skrinar. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Press.

Seals, J. 1987. Dance surfaces. In Dance Medicine: A Comprehensive Guide, edited by A Ryan and RE Stephens. Chicago, IL: Pluribus Press.

Sofue, I, Y Yamamura, K Ando, M Iida, and T Takayanagi. 1968. N-hexane polyneuropathy. Clin Neurol 8:393-403.

Stewart, R and C Hake. 1976. Paint remover hazard. JAMA 235:398.

Tan, TC, HC Tsang, and LL Wong. 1990. Noise surveys in discotheques in Hong Kong. Ind Health 28(1):37-40.

Teitz, C, RM Harrington, and H Wiley. 1985. Pressure on the foot in point shoes. Foot Ankle 5:216-221.

VanderGriend, RA, FH Savoie, and JL Hughes. 1991. Fracture of the ankle. In Rockwood and Green’s Fractures in Adults, edited by CA Rockwood, DP Green, and RW Bucholz. Philadelphia, PA: JB Lippincott Co.

Warren, M, J Brooks-Gunn, and L Hamilton. 1986. Scoliosis and fracture in young ballet dancers: Relationship to delayed menarcheal age and amenorrhea. New Engl J Med 314:1338-1353.

World Health Organization (WHO). 1976. Meeting on Organization of Health Care in Small Industries. Geneva: WHO.

Zeitels, S. 1995. Premalignant epithelium and microinvasive cancer of the vocal fold: the evolution of phonomicrosurgical management. Laryngoscope 105(3):1-51.

Contents

Entertainment and the Arts References